Data Sources

Shot-level data (location, xG, shot type, situation, and outcome) for this analysis covers the top 5 European football leagues from 2014-2023, originally sourced from Understat.com, which publishes match-by-match shot data including expected goals (xG) modeling.

• Understat.com - understat.com Primary source of shot event data, including coordinates, xG values, and shot outcomes.

• Understat Football Database (Kaggle) - kaggle.com/datasets/mexwell/understat-database A structured export of Understat’s shot-level data, covering 2014-2023 across the Big 5 European leagues.